More questions... More to come

Q:18. Name 2 leaders of Awadh Peasant Movement.

Ans:18. Baba Ramchandra and Jawaharlal Nehru

Q:19. A) Who led the tribal peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh and why?

B) How did they interpret the message of Gandhi and Swaraj?

Ans:19. A) i. Alluri Sitaram Raju led the tribal peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh.

ii. In many forest regions, eg Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, the livelihood and traditional rights of tribals were being denied. The enclosure of forests by the British prevented thetribals from grazing cattle and collecting firewood.

iii. Hill tribals were required to perform beggar or forced labour for road building.

iv. They were poor, illiterate and backward.

B) i. The tribals acknowledged the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi and were inspired by the non-cooperation movement. Eg. Wearing Khadi and giving up drinking.

ii. They, however, interpreted the message of Swaraj differently through violence under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. They believed that India could be liberated only by the use of force and not by non-violence.

iii. They even organized a militant guerrilla movement and attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials. This could not be approved by the Congress.

iv. Tribals raised the slogan demanding ‘Swatantra Bharat’ and emotionally relating to an all Indian agitation.

v. When they linked their movement to that of the Congress, they were identifying with a movement beyond the limits of their locality. They imagined that swaraj would be a time when all suffering and all troubles would end.

Q:20. How did plantation workers understand Mahatma Gandhi’s notion of Swaraj?

Ans:20. 1. For plantation workers in assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in & out of the confined space in which they were enclosed , and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

2.Under the Inland immigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

3. When they heard of the Non-Cooperative movement, thousands of workers defied theauthorities , left the plantations and headed home.

4. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and streamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Q.21 Why was the Non-Cooperation movement called off?

Ans.21. Gandhiji felt that non-cooperation movement was becoming violent in many places. 22 policemen had been burnt alive when a violent bomb had set fire to a police station atChauri Chaura in Feb 1922. Gandhiji felt that satyagrahis were not prepared for a non-violent mass struggle and needed to be properly trained.

Q 22 Name the 2 leaders who formed the Swaraj party?

Ans:22.  C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.

Q.23 Name 2 leaders who wanted more radical mass agitation.

Ans:23. Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose.

Q.24 Why did the Simon Commission come to India?

Ans.24 1. Against the background of world economic depression, the new Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon.

2. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India an suggest changes.

Q.25. Why did Congress oppose the Simon Commission?

Ans.25. 1. The Simon Commission did not have any Indian members.

2. It held no hope for Swaraj.

Q:26. What is the significance of the Lahore Session of Congress held in 1929?

Ans.26. 1. In the Lahore Session of congress held in 1929, Congress under the President ship of Jawaharlal Nehru formalized the demand of Poorna Swaraj or full independence for India.

2. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day.

3. To launch a mass civil disobedience movement.

Q.27. What was the significance of Gandhiji’s salt satyagraha?

Ans.27. 1. Gandhihi’s salt march began from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad on 12 march1930. He reached Dardi, a Gujrati coastal town on 6 april 1930 and broke the salt law by manufacturing the salt from sea water.

2. Salt Satyagraha was Gandhiji’s way of relating an abstract idea of freedom to moreconceret issues of everyday life.

3. He found in salt a more powerful symbol that could unite the nation as salt was consumed by the rich and the poor and all classes of Indian society alike. It was also an essential food item.

4. Salt Satyagraha against the salt tax and government monopoly over it’s production could reveal the most oppressive fact of the British government. It helped to mobilise people in a united campaign.

5. Breaking of the salt law symbolized the non-violent defiance of unjust British laws by the people and became a widespread movement.

Q.28. Give features of Civil Disobedience Movement.

Ans.28. 1. The Congress decided to launch a civil disobedience movement under the leadership of Gandhiji at the 1929 Lahore session of congress to achieve the goal of PurnaSwaraj and it involved the participation of masses.

2. Dandi March (12 march1930): the movement began with the salt Satyagraha by Gandhiji

from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. The aim was to break the unjust salt laws non-violently.

3. In Peshawar, Indian soldiers refused to open fire on tribal demonstrators. Martial law was declared in Sholapur to suppress the masses.

4. Non-violent methods: Refusal to pay taxes, hartals, boycott and bonfire of foreign goods, picketing of shops selling liquor and foreign goods,etc.

5. The Nationalist Movement assumed a wider character as it adopted a racial comprehensiveprogramme for the social and economic reconstructions of India after Independence was attained. This was reflected in the 1931 Karachi Session.

6. Government Reaction- Arrest of more than a lakh satyagrahis, ban on 67 newspapers, police firings. The movement was suspended right after the Gandhi-Irwin pact but revived after the 2nd Round Table Conference.

7. It was finally called off in 1934. 

Q:29. Why did Gandhiji call off the Civil Disobedience Movement?

OR

Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement suspended?

Ans:29. 1. Violence – Worried by the developments of civil disobedience movement the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes. When Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Mahatma Gandhi were arrested, people demonstrated on streets, attacked all structures that symbolized British rule.

2. Burtal Repression – A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.

3. Gandhi-Irwin Pact – By this, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference if London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.